Analytical Essays

Adnan, S. (2023). The Iranian movement, women, life, and freedom: A content analysis of reactions to the protests on Facebook. Crossing Borders: Student Reflections on Global Social Issues, 5(1), 1.

Afary, J., & Anderson, K. B. (2023). Woman, life, freedom: The origins of the uprising in Iran. Dissent, 70(1), 82–98.

Ahmadi, D. (2024). Between a rock and a hard place: The intersectional experiences of Iranian feminists from minoritized ethno-national backgrounds. Religions, 15(5), 533.

Al Talei, R., et al. (2022). Hijab in Iran: From religious to political symbol. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.

Alami Fariman, M., & Hakiminejad, A. (2024). Woman, life, freedom: Revolting space invaders in Iran. European Journal of Cultural Studies.

Amirpur, K. (2022, October 16). How feminist are the protests in Iran? Qantara.de. https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2022/11/23/iran-protests-help-persecuted-women-freedom/10759279002/

Anderson, M. J. (2023, January 26). Reading Lolita in Tehran and other accounts of the oppression of women in Iran. The Boston Globe.

Azadi, S. (2022). Iran: A new revolution begins. Green Left, (1365), 20,12. https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/informit.688650317168132

Azizi, A. (2024). What Iranians want: Women, life, freedom. Oneworld.

Bahzad, L. (2024). The colonial approaches by the Iranian regime towards the Kurds during the Jîna uprising: A case study of the Jîna uprising through an internal colonial lens (Master’s degree). University College Stockholm.

Bayat, A. (2023). Is Iran on the verge of another revolution? Journal of Democracy, 34(2), 19–31.

Beidollahkhani, A., & Farkhari, M. (2024). Femininity opposition and revolution in the Islamic Republic of Iran: An analysis from Twitter. Feminist Media Studies, 1–21.

Bergoffen, D. (2023). Woman life freedom. Journal of Continental Philosophy, 4(1), 71–91.

Bozorgiyan, A. (2024). Revolutionaries without revolution: The unfolding case of Iran. Jadaliyya.

Choi, S., Souza, N. F. M., Lind, A., Parashar, S., Prügl, E., & Zelewski, M. (2022). Women, life, freedom. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 24(5), 671–674. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616742.2022.2140271

Chotiner, I. (2022, October 2). How Iran’s hijab protest movement became so powerful. The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/fatemah-shams-how-irans-hijab-protest-movement-became-so-powerful

Daneshpour, M., & Firooz, S. H. (2022). Women, life, freedom: The new unveiling of feminism. Journal of Feminist Family Therapy, 34(3–4), 390–394.

Darian, M. T. (2022, October). Woman, life, freedom and the fate of Iran’s constitutional order. Verfassungsblog: On Matters Constitutional.

Darvishi, A. (2023). The history of feminist resistance in Iran from 1978 to 2023. Janus Unbound: Journal of Critical Studies, 3(1).

Dehghan, R. (2023). Reframing Iran’s woman, life, freedom movement: From gender violence to state violence. BMJ, 382, p2120.

Devi, S. (2022). The fear never goes away: Women’s health in Iran. The Lancet, 400(10360), 1292–1293. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01979-1

Ebadi, S. (2022, December 28). The Iranian feminist movement: Why and how? Asharq Al-Awsat. https://english.aawsat.com/home/article/4067756/iranian-feminist-movement-why-and-how

Fadaee, S. (2025). Woman, life, freedom movement: dynamics of a movement in progress. Social Movement Studies, 24(6), 830–835. https://doi.org/10.1080/14742837.2024.2365745

Ganjeh, A. (2022). The power of unwanted presence: The performance aesthetics of women’s protests in Iran. Performance Research, 27(3–4), 105–111.

Ghaderi, F. (2023). Jin, Jiyan, Azadi and the historical erasure of Kurds. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 55(4), 718–723.

Gibson, M. (2022, October 5). How one woman’s death set Iran on fire. New Statesman, 151(5687), 34. https://www.newstatesman.com/world/middle-east/2022/10/mahsa-amini-death-iran-protests-2022

Goodrich, N. H. (2023). “Say her name, Mahsa Amini!” An overview of the Woman, Life, Freedom movement in Iran. In Kamalipour, Y. R., & Pavlik, J. V. (Eds.), Communicating global crises: Media, war, climate, and politics (Chapter 8). Rowman & Littlefield

Hajiagha, A. R., & Hamelink, W. (2024). Kurdish women’s activism in Iran: Struggle for re-conquest of the public sphere. Identities, 1–20.

Hakakian, R. (2022, September 24). The bonfire of the headscarves. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2022/09/iran-headscarf-protest-mahsa-amini/671555/

Halasa, M. (Ed.). (2023). Woman life freedom: Voices and art from the women’s protests in Iran. Saqi Books.

Hergianasari, P., & Wijanarka, T. (2023). Reigniting the flame of change: The resurgence of Iran’s radical feminist movement in the aftermath of Mahsa Amini’s death. Journal of Middle East and Islamic Studies, 10(2), 7.

Izadi, D., & Dryden, S. (2024). Woman/life/freedom: The social semiotics behind the 2022 Iranian protest movement. Discourse, Context & Media, 60, 100803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcm.2024.100803

Jafari, P. (2023). Revolt with a revolutionary perspective. Iranian Studies, 56(3), 569–575.

Juneau, T. (2022, October 7). Could the Mahsa Amini protests in Iran spark a regime change? The Globe and Mail. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/article-mahsa-amini-protests-iranian-regime/

Karadsheh, J., Qiblawi, T., & Moshtaghian, A. (2023, January 23). Iran’s regime is trying to execute its way out of trouble. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2023/01/23/middleeast/iran-executing-way-out-of-trouble-mime-intl/index.html

Karimi, K. (2022, October 27). For Iranian women, the uprising was a long time coming. https://www.thenation.com/article/world/iran-women-uprising/

Karimi, P. (2023, June 29). Woman, art, freedom. Society for Cultural Anthropology. https://culanth.org/fieldsights/woman-art-freedom

Kashani-Sabet, F. (2023). A nation in turmoil, a field in crisis: The upshots of woman, life, freedom. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 55(4), 777–785.

Kattan, E., et al. (2022). Iran protests: A feminist social movement (No. 2). https://visavis.podcasts.library.columbia.edu/podcast/iran-protests-a-feminist-social-movement/

Kazemzadeh, M. (2023). Mass protests in Iran: From resistance to overthrow. De Gruyter.

Kermani, H. (n.d.). #MahsaAmini: Iranian Twitter activism in times of computational propaganda. Social Movement Studies, 1–11.

Khalili, M. (2023). From “Green Movement” to “Woman, Life, Freedom”: Continuity and change in the evolution of the protest movement in Iran. Protest, 3(1), 133–140.

Khatam, A. (2023). Mahsa Amini’s killing, state violence, and moral policing in Iran. Human Geography, 16(3), 299–306.

Kianpour, A. (2023, August 4). La résistance iranienne de 1979 à aujourd’hui. Multitudes.

Knipp, K. (2022, October 10). Iran: What can Germany do to support the protest movement? Deutsche Welle. https://www.dw.com/en/iran-what-can-germany-do-to-support-the-protest-movement/a-63396767

Ladier-Fouladi, M., & Chalier, J. (2023). The “woman, life, freedom” generation. Esprit, 4, 39–44.

Lamb, C. (2023). In the streets of Tehran: Woman. Life. Freedom. Bonnier Books UK.

Leloup, A. (2023). Women, life, freedom: The politicization of the hijab in Iran. Flux: International Relations Review, 13(2), 57–68.

Lob, E. (2024). The security-development nexus and the Jina Mahsa Amini protests in Iran’s border provinces. Iranian Studies, 57(2), 317–322.

Loft, P. (2022). 2022 Iran protests: Human rights and international response. Common Library Research Briefing.

Majidifard, A., & Noei Teymori, F. (2024). Incomplete framing in diagnostic movement: Quantitative analyzing of slogans and frame analysis of the “Woman, Life, Freedom” movement in Iran. Journal of Asian and African Studies.

Makaremi, C. (2023, June). Crossing the red lines. Society for Cultural Anthropology. https://culanth.org

Makaremi, C. (2025). Insurrections in Iran: An off-site ethnography. Geographia Helvetica, 80, 9–17.

Makaremi, C. (2025). Woman! Life! Freedom! Echoes of a revolutionary uprising in Iran. Yoda Press. (Original work published 2023)

Malek, A. (2023, June). On unity & fragmentation in the Iranian diaspora. Society for Cultural Anthropology. https://culanth.org

Manoukian, S. (2023, June). From the perspective of kinship: Violence as unbearable closeness. Society for Cultural Anthropology. https://culanth.org

Marks, E. J. (2023). The role of social media in Iran: Finding community through the death of Jina (Mahsa) Amini. COMPASS, 3(1), 20–27.

Mehan, A. (2024). Digital feminist placemaking: The case of the “Woman, Life, Freedom” movement. Urban Planning, 9.

Mehrabi, T. (2022). Woman, life, freedom: On protests in Iran and why it is a feminist movement. Kvinder, Køn & Forskning, (2), 114–121.

Miaan Group. (2024). The internet in the women, life, freedom era. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung.

Mikati, M. (2023, January 27). How to build a community in the diaspora—and raise awareness about your home country. The Philadelphia Inquirer. https://www.inquirer.com/news/iran-philadelphia-protests-amini-community-building-20230127.html

Milani, F. (2023, January). Misogyny imperiled Iran’s regime. Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/10/14/iran-women-protests-hijab-misogyny-imperiled-regime/

Miri Ashtiani, H. (2023). The rhymes of Zhina movement: Content analysis of revolutionary and protest music of Iran 2022 (pp. 75–103).

Moghadam, V. M. (2022). The women-led uprising and Iran’s Islamic Republic. Ethics & International Affairs, 22.

Mohammadpour, A. (2024). Decolonizing voices from Rojhelat: Gender-othering, ethnic erasure, and the politics of intersectionality in Iran. Critical Sociology, 50(1), 85–106.

Mojab, S. (2023). A revolutionary storm sparked by the fall of a butterfly. Studies in Political Economy, 104(3), 189–202.

Molana, H., et al. (2023). Woman, life, freedom: Decoding the feminist uprising in Iran. Political Geography, 103, 102834.

Moaveni, A. (2022, October 10). “It’s like a war out there.” Iran’s women haven’t been this angry in a generation. The New York Times, A20(L). https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/07/opinion/iran-women-protests.html

Moradian, M. (2024). Embodying revolution: Situating Iran within transnational feminist solidarities. Radical History Review, 2024(148), 164–170.

Mortazavi, E. (2023, June). Of common pains and common dreams. Society for Cultural Anthropology. https://culanth.org

Mubarak, F. (n.d.). Riots or revolution? A framing analysis of the Mahsa Amini protests in U.S. and Iranian media. Media Asia, 1–25.

Nila. (2023). In the streets of Tehran: Woman. Life. Freedom (C. Lamb, Foreword; P. Missaghi, Trans.). Bonnier Books UK

Orazani, N., & Teymoori, A. (2024). The manifold faces of political resistance: The woman, life, freedom movement. In F. Bou Zeineddine & J. R. Vollhardt (Eds.), Resistance to repression and violence: Global psychological perspectives. Oxford University Press.

Osanloo, A. (2023, June). Rights in the age of benevolence: Women’s revolutionary uprisings in Iran. Society for Cultural Anthropology. https://culanth.org

Parandeh, S., & Javasi, S. (2022, October 4). In Iran, mass protests are chanting “No mullahs, no Shah, just democracy.” Jacobin. https://jacobin.com/2022/10/iran-protests-women-islamic-republic-imperialism

Parsa, A. (2022). A name that became a code: On the sociolegal life of compulsory hijab in Iran. Retfærd, (4).

Radeck, M., & Khodakarim, A. (2022). Iran: The beginning of feminist revolution. Horizon Insights, 1.

Rahbari, L. (2024). (Gender) politics in the field: The precarities of diasporic (women) scholars of Iranian politics during and after the “Woman, Life, Freedom” uprising. Politics & Gender, 20(2), 506–512.

Rahnema, S. (2022, December 20). Iran: Secular revolt against clerical tyranny. Canadian Dimension. https://canadiandimension.com/articles/view/iran-secular-revolt-against-clerical-tyranny

Razavi, S. (2023). Discord in the diaspora: Agonism in the woman, life, freedom movement for democracy. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 55(4), 754–758.

Rezai, Y. (2024). Performing Iran online: Digital poetics and feminist activism in the woman life freedom movement. Journal of Gender Studies, 1–18.

Riani, A., & Labady, R. (2022, October 13). Unity in diversity: On overcoming the erasure of Kurdistan and Jina Amini. Los Angeles Review of Books.

Rivetti, P., & Saeidi, S. (2023). Political convergence, surpluses of activism, and genealogy: Examining Iran’s quasi-revolutionary situation. Iranian Studies, 56(3), 563–568.

Rosales, J. (2024, January). The logic of revolution in popular form. e-flux Notes.

Rosales, J., & Ganji, I. (2022, October). Tomorrow was Shahrivar 1401: Notes on the Iranian uprisings. e-flux Notes.

Rostampour, S. (2023, March 8). Jin, Jiyan, Azadi (Woman, life, freedom): The genealogy of a slogan. CrimethInc. https://es.crimethinc.com/2023/03/08/jin-jiyan-azadi-woman-life-freedom-the-genealogy-of-a-slogan

Rouhi, M. (2022). Woman, life, freedom in Iran. Survival, 64(6), 189–196. https://doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2022.2150441

Sadeghat, P. (2024). Authoritarian nationalism and identity politics in the face of the Jina movement. Critique, 52(1), 157–163.

Sadeghi, F., & Shohadaei, S. (2023). From women’s revolution to Jiyanist democracy. Journal of Middle East Women’s Studies, 19(3), 458–468.

Sadeghi-Boroujerdi, E. (2023). Iran’s uprisings for “women, life, freedom”: Over-determination, crisis, and the lineages of revolt. Politics, 43(3), 404–438. https://doi.org/10.1177/02633957231159351

Saffaran, P., & Ferrari, M. (2023, January 8). Studying the wisdom of Iranian protesters. The Hamilton Spectator. https://www.thespec.com/opinion/contributors/2023/01/08/studying-the-wisdom-of-iranian-protesters.html

Saidi, H. (2024). Spatial politics and struggle for hegemony: The role of Komala in the revolutionary movement of Iranian Kurdistan. Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space.

Sayeh Javadi, & Parand. (2022). In Iran, mass protests are chanting “No mullahs, no Shah, just democracy.” Jacobin. https://jacobin.com/2022/10/iran-protests-women-islamic-republic-imperialism

Shahrokni, N. (2023). Bodies in revolt, challenging the state in Iran. Current History, 122(848), 323–328.

Siamdoust, N. (2023, June). A global rap-e Farsi rises to speak truth to power in Iran. Society for Cultural Anthropology. https://culanth.org/fieldsights/a-global-rap-e-farsi-rises-to-speak-truth-to-power-in-iran

Soleimani, K., & Mohammadpour, A. (2019). Can non-Persians speak? The sovereign’s narration of “Iranian identity.” Ethnicities, 19(5), 925–947. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796819853059

Tabrizy, N., & Willis, H. (2022, October 7). What videos posted online reveal about the protest in Iran. The New York Times, A6. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/04/world/asia/iran-protest-video-analysis.html

Tarzi, A. (2022). Protests in Iran. MES Insights, 13(5), 1–4.

Theobald, S. (2023, June 29). Ambiguous commitments: The ambivalences of “opposition” in Iran to the women, life, freedom movement. Society for Cultural Anthropology. https://culanth.org/fieldsights/ambiguous-commitments-the-ambivalences-of-opposition-in-iran-to-the-women-life-freedom-movement

Tohidi, N. (2023). Iran in a transformative process by woman, life, freedom. Freedom of Thought Journal, (13), 29–57.

Torbati, A. (2023, February). Iranian Zoomers, a generation of bravery, hope and invincibility. Discover Society. https://discoversociety.org/2023/02/19/iranian-zoomers-a-generation-of-bravery-hope-and-invincibility/

Weissman, S., & Mather, Y. (2023, January–February). Inequality, gender apartheid and revolt. Against the Current, 222. https://againstthecurrent.org/atc222/inequality-gender-apartheid-revolt/

Wright, R. (2022, September 25). Iran’s ferocious return to the belligerent policies of the revolution’s early days. The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/irans-ferocious-return-to-the-belligerent-policies-of-the-revolutions-early-days

Wright, R. (2022, October 9). Iran’s protests are the first counter-revolution led by women. The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/irans-protests-are-the-first-counterrevolution-led-by-women

Yacoob, A. O. (2023, January 25). Iran—Taking up Ginwala’s cudgels for women’s rights. Business Day. https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/columnists/2023-01-25-yacoob-abba-omar-taking-up-ginwalas-cudgels-for-womens-rights/

Zavarei, S. (2023). The revolutionary mourner, and the collective body: The performativity of grief in the woman, life, freedom movement. Performance Research, 28(5), 118–121.